Emphasising the importance of direct community involvement in communicating shame to an offender, Braithwaite highlights the need for shaming to be reintegrative, for if shame stigmatizes an offender it can be counterproductive.īraithwaite’s theory has been highly influential in re-shaping the criminal justice system (Karstedt DATE), it underpinning the principles in restorative justice. Pioneered by John Braithwaite (1989), this theoretical model on crime control identifies two forms of shame, reintegrative and stigmatic. Upon further review, it can be seen that the criminal justice systems in these countries rely heavily on reintegrative shaming. They have an even lower prison population of 10,435 (World Prison Brief 2018) with data showing only 259, 891 crimes were reported in 2018 (New Zealand Police 2018). Similarly, New Zealand is ranked the second safest country in the world (Global Peace Index 2018). Japan’s crime rates has hit a record low with 915,042 crimes being reported (Statistics Japan 2018), their prison population totalling 51, 805 in 2018 (World Prison Brief 2018). Notorious for their low crime rates are Japan and New Zealand. Prison sentences in England and Wales have increased since 2010 with 46 percent being over 4 years, and 58 percent of prisons are now categorised as overcrowded (Sturge 2018). In England and Wales 10.7 million offences were committed in 2018 (Office of National Statistics), with the prison population totalling 83,146 (World Prison Brief 2018). Alas, since the publishing of the report the criminal justice system has fallen into a state of crisis. In 2016 the Home Office published their Modern Crime Prevention Strategy which stated, “-the police, the courts, prisons and probation services- can prevent crime through four principle mechanisms- deterrence, legitimacy, incapacitation and rehabilitation” (Home Office 2016, p.21). A key area of interest in criminology is crime control, which entails a broad range of evolving strategies implemented to prevent crime.
For this reason a universally accepted definition ceases to exist however, most scholars agree it is the scientific study of crime (Jeffery, 1959), which involves the “processes of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws” (Sutherland, 1947. A complex subject, criminology encompasses numerous different disciplines.
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